Performance of the ReD TPC, a novel double-phase LAr detector with silicon photomultiplier readout

Abstract

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>A double-phase argon Time Projection Chamber (TPC), with an active mass of 185 g, has been designed and constructed for the Recoil Directionality (ReD) experiment. The aim of the ReD project is to investigate the directional sensitivity of argon-based TPCs via columnar recombination to nuclear recoils in the energy range of interest (20–<jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$200\,\hbox {keV}_{nr}$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mn>200</mml:mn><mml:mspace /><mml:msub><mml:mtext>keV</mml:mtext><mml:mrow><mml:mi>nr</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula>) for direct dark matter searches. The key novel feature of the ReD TPC is a readout system based on cryogenic Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs), which are employed and operated continuously for the first time in an argon TPC. Over the course of 6 months, the ReD TPC was commissioned and characterised under various operating conditions using<jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$\gamma $$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>γ</mml:mi></mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula>-ray and neutron sources, demonstrating remarkable stability of the optical sensors and reproducibility of the results. The scintillation gain and ionisation amplification of the TPC were measured to be<jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$g_1 = (0.194 \pm 0.013)$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>g</mml:mi><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.194</mml:mn><mml:mo>±</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.013</mml:mn><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula>photoelectrons/photon and<jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$g_2 = (20.0 \pm 0.9)$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>g</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mn>20.0</mml:mn><mml:mo>±</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.9</mml:mn><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula>photoelectrons/electron, respectively. The ratio of the ionisation to scintillation signals (S2/S1), instrumental for the positive identification of a candidate directional signal induced by WIMPs, has been investigated for both nuclear and electron recoils. At a drift field of 183 V/cm, an S2/S1 dispersion of 12% was measured for nuclear recoils of approximately 60–<jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$90\,\hbox {keV}_{nr}$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mn>90</mml:mn><mml:mspace /><mml:msub><mml:mtext>keV</mml:mtext><mml:mrow><mml:mi>nr</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula>, as compared to 18% for electron recoils depositing 60 keV of energy. The detector performance reported here meets the requirements needed to achieve the principal scientific goals of the ReD experiment in the search for a directional effect due to columnar recombination. A phenomenological parameterisation of the recombination probability in LAr is presented and employed for modeling the dependence of scintillation quenching and charge yield on the drift field for electron recoils between 50–500 keV and fields up to 1000 V/cm.</jats:p>